Apparatus for stringed musical instruments

ABSTRACT

The strings of stringed musical instruments are changed in length to vary their tension through a multiple musical note range for each respective string. In one embodiment foot pedal movements of mechanisms are transferred to the vicinity of string ends to rotate pivot pullers which in turn controllably move respective lever arms, between adjustable stop limitations. The lever arms are secured to disc tighteners to which the string ends are secured. Lever arm movements oscillate the disc tighteners to increase and decrease the string tension to respectively raise and lower the musical pitch of the strings. In another embodiment translating pullers are used in lieu of pivot pullers to controllably move another type of lever arm.

United States Paten Pierce 1 a July 18, 1972 [54] APPARATUS FOR STRINGED MUSICAL 3,435,722 4/1969 Paul et al. ..s4/312 INS 3,440,920 4/1969 Norwood ..s4/312 Pn'mary Examiner-Richard B. Wilkinson Assistant Examiner-John F. Gonzales Attorney-Roy E. Mattem, Jr.

[ ABSTRACT The strings of stringed musical instruments are changed in length to vary their tension through a multiple musical note range for each respective string. In one embodiment foot pedal movements of mechanisms are transferred to the vicinity of string ends to rotate pivot pullers which in turn controllably move respective lever arms, between adjustable stop limitations. The lever arms are secured to disc tighteners to which the string ends are secured. Lever arm movements oscillate the disc tighteners to increase and decrease the string tension to respectively raise and lower the musical pitch of the strings. In another embodiment translating pullers are used in lieu of pivot pullers to controllably move another type of lever am.

3 Claim, 12 Drawing figures PATENIEU Jun 8 m2 sum 1 or 4 K \4 J/////////////////// /J/////////////////////// FIG.2

mama] JUU8|912 3.677.126

SHEET 2 OF 4 FIG.5

PATENTED Juuamz SHEET 3 BF 4 FIG. 9

APPARATUS FOR STRINGED MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The apparatus herein disclosed provides for a tensioning means which holds the strings in their respective positions, a lever mechanism attached to the tensioning means, a puller means attached to the lever mechanism, a controlling means for providing predetermined maximum and minimum movement' of the lever mechanism and a connection means between the puller means and tensioning means.

BACKGROUND OF INVENTION Related prior art devices have provided an increase and decrease of tension and produced a one-note increase or a one-note decrease in tension of any particular string. The disadvantages of most prior art devices related to stringed instruments is that they tend to break strings and the variability of increasing the tension is confined in all cases to not more than one note above or below the regular note of a particular string.

The principle object of this invention is to provide a device that will increase or decrease the tension of a particular string and produce a note that is one or two notes above or below the regular note that is produced at normal tension. A particular object set forth herein is the provision for increasing or decreasing the tension of the strings without breaking those strings. A further object is that the invention may be installed in a stringed instrument that is being used presently for instrumental musical work. A further object is to provide an unlimited number of combinations of chords or string note variatron.

Other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description when read with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the drawings wherein like reference numerals denote corresponding parts throughout the several views:

DRAWINGS FIG. I is a cross-sectional view showing the levermechanism used for varying the tension of the various strings.

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the string tighteners.

FIGS. 3a and 3b are views which show the string attachment of the string tighteners.

FIG. 4 is an end view of the pivot pullers.

FIG. 5 is a plan view of the strings attached to the circular tighteners.

FIG. 6 is a diagrammatical view showing the strings attached to the circular pullers which are in turn attached to a solid sounding board.

FIG. 7 is a plan view of the pivot pullers.

FIG. 8 displays a side elevation view of the mechanical device used as the levering system;

FIG. 9 shows a cross sectional view of the device as shown in FIG. 8;

FIG. 10 shows an elevation profile view taken along lines F-F" in FIG. 9 and;

FIG. II shows the levering mechanism separately as shown in FIG. 9.

DESCRIPTION OF FIRST EMBODIMENTS Referring in detail to the various figures which will explain the combination of elements that make up the invention herein disclosed. The strings 22 of the musical instrument are placed over one end of circular tighteners 3 and attached thereto in the small groove as shown in FIGS. 1, 2, 3a and 3b. The circular tighteners may be placed near one another or be spaced as shown in FIG. 2 by spacers 24. If they are spaced it will remove any frictional forces between tighteners 3. Tighteners 3 are free to rotate around shaft 2. Shaft 2 is confined to box frame 1. Shaft 2 rests in two holes near side of box frame I and is confined to no further movement.

Lever arm 4 is attached to circular tightener 3 at the bottom of tightener 3 by use of a small pin that protrudes through the top end of lever arm 4 and is confined and is flush with the sides of circular tightener 3. When lever arm 4 is in its normal position it rests against the back edge of box frame 1. Lever arm 4 rests in its normal position and when it does so rest the normal tone of stirring 22 is obtained. The normal position of lever am 4 is obtained by means of controlling stud 6 which is inserted into lever arm 4 vertically by means of a screw thread. Controlling stud 6 is held in position by spring 15. Controlling stud 6 may be adjusted and thus the normal tone of any one suing may be obtained by means of that adjustment. Compression spring 15 provides suflicient compression to control the lever arm 4 in its normal position. Restraining stud 21 and pin 23 maintain compression spring 15 in its normal vertical position.

The end of lever arm 4 may be moved in either vertical direction from its normal position; the adjusting studs 5 and 7 provide the maximum and minimum variation for that vertical movement. Adjusting stud 5 is screwed into box frame I and adjusting stud 7 is inserted into lever arm 4 by means of a screw thread. Lever arm 4 when resting in its normal position leaves spaces between it and stud 5 and between stud 7 respectively. When puller 19 is pulled by a pedal mechanism (not shown in the drawings) the top end of pivot puller 8 is moved toward the pedal mechanism; this in turn moves lever arm 4 in an upward direction. The control of the vertical movement is obtained by adjusting stud 7; this occurs when adjusting stud 7 comes in contact with controlling bar 16. Altemately, if puller 20 is moved this lowers lever arm 4 and lever 4 comes to rest in a lower position on adjusting stud 5.

Pivot puller 9 is restricted in movement by studs 11 and I2; tuning stud 11 is inverted into pivot puller 9 and rests on bar 10 and tuning stud 12 is held in place by means of a screw thread through bar 13. Box cover 14 holds the various elements in position. Stud 21 and bar 16 are held in position by box frame 1 and box cover 14. Bars 10 and 13 are held in position by the side members of box frame 1. Pullers l9 and 20 are attached to a regular foot pedal system (not shown in the drawings).

Having discussed the elements of the invention, the operation of the device is now explained. The strings 22 have their respective ends placed in the back portion of circular tightener 3 wherein a slot is provided for the retention of the strings 22. The tightener 3 is free to rotate around shaft 2. Lever arm 4 restrains tighteners 3 from rotation about shaft 2. Lever arm 4 is joined to bottom part of tightener 3 with a flush pin. This restraining of tightener 3 by lever arm 4 is controlled by the back edges 17 and 18 and the mechanism shown in FIG. 1.

If puller 19 which is attached to pivot puller 8 is pulled, lever arm 4 is raised so that adjusting stud 7 comes to rest against bar 16 thereby moving lever arm 4 in an upward position and resting against back edge 17. This lowers the note and decreases the tension in string 22. The adjustment of adjusting stud 7 provides a particular note which may be two notes below the normal note of string 22. If, however, puller 20' is pulled this, on the other hand, lowers lever arm 4 and the arm then rests on adjusting stud 5 and simultaneously on back edge 18. This movement causes circular tightener 3 to move into a position which tightens string 22. Lever arm 4 is being rotated simultaneously in a clockwise manner around back edge 18 and adjusting stud 5. The top part that is attached to tightener 3 moves into a position which causes tightener 3 to increase the tension in string 22. The adjustment of adjusting stud 5 provides for an increase of two notes in the string above that of its regular note. Therefore, with the adjustment of adjusting studs 5 and 7 respectively the range of notes may be placed at two or more above or below the regular note of string 22.

It is to be noted that Pivot puller 8 has a confining channel which is narrower in space than that pivot puller 9. This feature gives the maximum decrease and increase of notes to string 22. If it is observed that pivot puller 9 has a confining channel that is greater than the confining channel of pivot puller 8, it is for this reason that pivot puller 9 moves lever arm 4 so that there is an increase or decrease of one note respectively depending on whether puller 20 or puller 19 is pulled.

' Tuning studs 11 and 12 rest on bar and puller 9 respectively. The adjustment of tuning studs 11 and 12 provide for a maximum and minimum of pivot puller 9. If puller 19 is pulled this moves the long arm of lever arm 4 in an upward position and thereby rests the back edge 17 against box 1 and the string 22 will decrease in tension. However, tuning stud 11 may be placed in such a position, by means of a screw thread, on pivot puller 9 that when stud 11 contacts bar 10 the note one below that of string 22 normal note may be reached. On the other hand, if puller is pulled, this presses lever arm 4 in a downward direction and increases the tension of spring22 by pressing back edge 18 against box 1. Tuning stud 12 may be adjusted so that when puller 20 is pulled the note will decrease from its normal position by only one.

It is seen that the movement of the lever arm in the device provides for a tightening or a loosening of string 22 which in turn increases or decreases the note of string 22. It has been found that shaft 2 must be of a durable material and sufiicient diameter to withstand the heavy pressures because of increase in tension and decrease in tension. The shaft 2 must remain in a fixed position. Circular tighteners 3 are preferably made of brass which provide less friction on shaft 2 and are easily manipulated during their movement on shaft 2. Lever arm 4 and the confining box frame 1 may be produced of any material having sufficient strength to withstand the various bending moments and shearing forces that are applied therein to produce an operative tuning or note-changing operation. The pullers are fastened to an ordinary foot pedal system which are well known in the art. It will be noticed that lever arm 4 is almost twice the width of pivot pullers 8 and 9. Thus, there are two pivot pullers (8 and 9) for every lever arm; one pivot puller moves lever arm up or down providing an increase in notes of one up or down from the strings regular note and the other pivot puller raising or lowering lever arm 4 so that it increases or decreases the note by two from its regular note. There maybe three or four pivot pullers and thereby increasing the number of notes by which the string may be increased or decreased. In most musical instruments the maximum increase and decrease necessary would be two, since the notes between successive regular notes is generally not greater than five. The various elements within the device described may be made of materials sufficiently strong to withstand any pressures and provide long-life wearing surfaces. Lever arm 4 and confining box frame 1 may be made of aluminum, brass or any other material of sufficient strength. The screw studs 5, 6, 7, 1 l, and 12 respectively may be made also of any material sufficient to withstand long wear; however it is found that steel studs are preferable in these respective cases.

The confining box cover 14 should be flush with the top of the sounding board of the musical instrument thereby providing a structure that is flush in all areas especially with the top of the sounding board as shown in FIG. 6. Other variations in the geometric design of the device herein described may provide the same result and define the same principle herein disclosed and claimed. All such variations in geometric design substantially using the same principle herein are assumed to be described and claimed within this application.

DESCRIPTION OF SECOND EMBODIMENT The second embodiment shown in FIGS. 8 through 11, has lever mechanisms which operate at a reduced noise level as the string tensions are changed to acquire the new note sounds. Also it is more efficient and has the effect of providing the equivalent reduction or increase in tension of the various strings of a stringed instrument in a similar manner as provided for in the first embodiment. The main advantage of the alternate lever-ing system is that it reduces noise and is easier and more efficient means of accomplishing the equivalent result.

In the drawings attached hereto, where like reference numerals denote corresponding parts throughout the several VICWS.

Referring to the drawings in detail, and specifically FIG. 8, shafts 2, 31 and 32 are shown respectively. Studs 25, 26 and 27 are shown as attached to or in combination with box frame 1. Puller ends 44 and 45 are also shown at the end of box frame 1.

FIG. 9 is a cross sectional view taken along lines E-E" in FIG. 10. Strings 22 are shown attached to tightener 3 which is of a similar embodiment as shown in FIGS. 3a and 3b of the first embodiment. Tightener 3 rests on shaft 2, as is shown in FIG. 3 also. Tightener 3 is attached to lever 30 in a similar manner as shown in FIGS. 1, 3a and 3b respectively. Lever 30 rests on two shafts which may or may not have rotatable rollers on the outsides of those shafts 31 and 32 respectively. Plug 33 is shown in the diagram as having a stud 34 placed therein; stud 34 rests on the back of back plate 62 which in turn is attached to box frame 1. Plug 33 is a rotatable plug which is congruent with the sides of lever 30 and may be rotatable around its own axis and is attached by means of stud 34 and may not displace stud 34 from its predetermined position. Stud 25 is shown as entering into and penetrating through lever 30 having the top end of stud 25 resting on the bottom side of bar 57; stud 26 is shown as entering into and resting on bar 58 and its upper end rests against lever arm 30 and on the bottom side thereof. Stud 27 enters into and protrudes through bar 57 and subsequently rests upon the top part of spring 43. Spring 43 is confined to a small channel within bar 57 at the top, and the bottom end of spring 43 rests upon the top side of lever 30. Lever arms 37 and 38 are intergrally attached to lever 30. Lever arm 37 has a roller 36 on the top end which rests upon the pulling edges of puller 41. Lever arm 38 has a roller 35 at the bottom of its end; roller 35, in turn, rests upon the pulling edge of puller 42. The extreme right edges of pullers 41 and 42 rests upon stoppers 28 and 29 respectively. The top edge of puller 41 rests upon top plate 53 whereas puller 42 rests upon bottom plate 54. Puller 41 represents two pullers for each particular string that to which lever 30 is attached. In one case, puller 41 is restrained from moving to the left in case of FIG. 9 by stud 59; in the other case, stud 59 is not used and does not prevent puller 41 from being pulled to the left. In the case of stud 59 restraining puller 41, puller end 49 is at the end of puller 41 and has holes 46 through its outer end and slot 55 through which attachment may be attached in a similar manner as disclosed in the first embodiment. In the case of puller 42, stud 59 is placed through bar 61 and restrains puller 42 when it has puller end 50. In other words, when pullers 41 and 42 have pullers ends 44 and 45 no restraining stud 59 is thereto applied, thus puller ends 44 and 45 are not restrained from moving to the left except by studs 25, 26 and 27 as will be discussed later. Plates 51 and 52 are held in place by box frame 1 and are attached to box frame 1. Plates 51 and 52 prevent pullers 41 and 42 from moving in a vertical direction. Shaft 47 has springs 39 and 40 resting upon it respectively; spring 40 rests upon and has one end inserted into puller 41 and spring 39 has one end inserted into and rests upon puller 42 FIG. 10 displays a cross sectional elevation view taken along lines F-F in FIG. 8 and shows the box frame 1 having top plate 53 and bottom plate 54 shown in cross section. The bottom plate 54 and top plate 53 have seats 48 containedthereon. Puller ends 44 and 49 are attached and intergrally formed to puller 41. And the other case, puller ends 45 and 50 represents ends of pullers 42. Springs 39 and 40 are shown as attached to pullers 42 and 41 respectively and resting upon shaft 47. A partial view of plate 52 is shown which is the plate nearest the lever mechanism.

FIG. 11 represents the lever mechanism and the pullers as shown in the elevation view in FIG. 9 and is shown separately from and detached from the box frame 1 and its various bars members.

The operation of the above detailed device is now set forth. Studs 25, 26 and 27 as shown in FIGS. 8 and 9 display extreme positions whereby the lever mechanism may vary its position. Stud 27 abutting spring 43, upon adjustment, controls the normal positioning of lever 30 and consequently the mid point tone frequency of the respective string. Stud which rests upon bar 57 prevents lever being raised or moved in clockwise direction. Stud 26 which penetrates through bar 58 prevents lever 30 from rotating in I counter clockwise direction. This means that the extreme position of lever 30 may fall between the upper end of stud 26 and upper end of stud 25. The studs 26 and 25 respectively determine the movement of lever arm 30. Stud 26 is placed in a position so that when lever arm 30 reaches an extreme position the lever mechanism rotates clockwise direction as shown in FIG. 9; thus stud 26 prevents or stops lever 30 from being rotated and may be placed in such a position as to prevent that rotation and subsequent increase in tension of string 22. The same is true of stud 25 which prevents lever 30 from rotating in a clockwise direction and thus stud 25 may restricts the amount of rotation assumed by lever 30. Puller 41 represents both of the pullers which are in an effect transferring tension assumed by those pullers to the upper arm 37 of lever 30. In effect puller 41, when its most extreme left position, and pullers ends 44 respectively produce a rotation of lever 30 which is counter clockwise as seen in FIGS. 9 and 11 respectively. The puller end 49 is confined in a horizontal direction by stud 59 and may be moved in a direction that is horizontal to a predetermined position which is prevented further movement by stud 59. This corresponds to a one note increase in the tension of strings 22. Whereas, puller end 44 represents a two note increase in the tension of strings 22 and is pulled in a horizontal direction along with the puller 41 which moves roller 36 and thereby causing a counter clockwise rotation of lever 30; a counter clockwise rotation of lever 30 increases thetension of strings 22. The horizontal position of ends 44 is determined by the position of stud 26, stud 25 and 27. Stud 27 usually holds lever 30 in a predetermined position and may be adjusted to provide the normal string note of strings 22. Stud 25 may be adjusted so as to produce a maximum decrease of notes and movement of lever arm 30. It may be seen that stud 26 prevents lever 30 from moving vertical when puller 41 is moved to the left in FIGS. 9 or 11 and thus provides for a predetermined note increase which may prevent puller 41 from being moved to an extreme position. It may be seen that stud 59 which is attached to bar 60 prevents the puller 41 and subsequently puller and 49 from being pulled further than a one note increase in strings 22; stud 59 may be adjusted to provide that one note increase. The second puller 41 which has a puller end 44 may provide for a two note increase and thus stud 26 may be placed in a vertical position so as to prevent a further rotation of lever arm 30 thus providing an exact two note increase.

It may be seen that if puller 42 is moved to the left in FIGS. 9 and 11 this provides for clockwise rotation of lever 30 and thus provided for a decrease in a tension strings 22. In the case of puller 42, stud 59 is placed through bar 61, and stud 59 rests upon the end of puller end 50. It may be seen that the adjustment of stud 59 through bar 61 provides for a one note decrease in the tension of strings 22 and thus prevents puller ends from being pulled in a horizontal direction. In the other case of puller 42, puller end 45 may be pulled to provide a two note decrease in tension. Stud 25 provides for the maximum of a two note decrease in tension.

Stoppers 28 and 29 stop pullers 41 and 42 respectively. Stoppers 28 and 29 are placed in their respective positions to reduce noise and are made of a noise absorption material.

The mechanism provides a rotation of lever 30 around shafts 31 and 32 respectively. Plug 33 is rotatable and is held in position by stud 34. Plug 33 and stud 27 retains lever 30 into a normal position by means of springs 43 in the case of stud 27 and stud 34 and in the case of plug 33. When lever arm 37 is moved respectively by puller 41 and roller 36, lever 30 rests upon stud 26 and shaft 32 having rotatable plug 33 revolve in a position so as to prevent lever 30 from moving away from shaft 32 and tightens strings 22 my means of tightener 3. The reverse is true, in the case of puller 42 and roller 35 respectively. When puller 42 and roller 35 are moved in a horizontal direction this in turn rotates levers 30 in a clockwise manner and thus stud 25 comes to rest upon bar 57 and lever 30 rests on shaft 31 and thus produces a reduction in tension of strings 22 by means of rotating of tightener 3. Puller ends 44, 45, 49 and 50 are pulled in a horizontal direction in similar manner as provided for in FIG. 1 by pullers 19 and 20 respectively. The geometric configuration of various pullers 41 and 42, rollers 35, 36 may vary and the variation in geometric design which provide effective results may vary with the dimensions of the various rollers and pullers as the case may be.

Springs 39 and 40 hold pullers 42 and 41 in their respective positions against stoppers 28 and 29 as the case may be; thus, pullers 41 and 42 remain in their position unless they are pulled in a horizontal direction from puller ends 44, 45, 49 and 50 respectively.

The materials used in the construction of the embodiment as shown in FIGS. 8, 9, 10.and 11 may vary from steel, aluminum, copper, bronze or various alloys of the metals known in the art to produce a long wearing apparatus and sufficient strength to endure for the life time of the playing stringed instrument. It has been found that aluminum provides a good material which is light and may be manaeuvered or built into various stringed instruments without providing excess weight due to this mechanism as herein described. The tightners 3 should be of brass is a usual material used in the art.

What is claimed is:

1. A musical multiple string instrument comprising:

a. a sounding board structure in the form of a box frame having bottom portions and a cover;

b. a selected number of musical strings extending from conventional string end attachment places at one end, across the sounding board structure, and then secured at the other end to respective string tuning mechanisms; and

c. string tuning mechanisms arranged side by side each having in turn:

1. a circular string tightener for receiving the said other end of a musical string;

2. a shaft mounted to the sounding board structure rotatably supporting said circular string tightener;

3. a lever movably positioned within the sounding board structure and pivotally secured to the circumference of said circular string tightener;

4. a plurality of adjustable stops secured within the sounding board structure for limiting the up and down pivotal travel of said lever;

5. an adjustable return spring secured within the sounding board structure and being adjusted to return said lever to its midway travel position, and;

6. a set of pullers secured within the sounding board structure, said set having a first puller independently movable of the other pullers of said set to change the position of said lever through a suflicient travel distance to cause a one musical note level change in the string secured to the circular string tightner in turn pivotally secured to said lever, and a second puller independently movable of the other pullers of said set to change the position of the same lever through a sufficient travel distance to cause a two musical note level change in the same string, multiple stops ultimately secured to the sounding board structure and adjustable to limit the overall travel of the respective pullers used for obtaining the one and two musical note level changes, and multiple operable means to independently move the members of said set of pullers to selectively change the musical note level up and down through one note and two note musical sound changes.

2. A musical multiple string instrument, as claimed in claim 1, wherein the sets of pullers of the string tuning mechanisms are pivotally mounted within the sounding board structure.

3. A musical multiple string instrument, as claimed in claim 1, wherein the sets of bullets of the string tuning mechanisms are mounted for translating within the sounding board structure.

* l l I k 

1. A musical multiple string instrument comprising: a. a sounding board structure in the form of a box frame having bottom portions and a cover; b. a selected number of musical strings extending from conventional string end attachment places at one end, across the sounding board structure, and then secured at the other end to respective string tuning mechanisms; and c. string tuning mechanisms arranged side by side each having in turn:
 1. a circular string tightener for receiving the said other end of a musical string;
 2. a shaft mounted to the sounding board structure rotatably supporting said circular string tightener;
 3. a lever movably positioned within the sounding board structure and pivotally secured to the circumference of said circular string tightener;
 4. a plurality of adjustable stops secured within the sounding board structure for limiting the up and down pivotal travel of said lever;
 5. an adjustable return spring secured within the sounding board structure and being adjusted to return said lever to its midway travel position, and;
 6. a set of pullers secured within the sounding board structure, said set having a first puller independently movable of the other pullers of said set to change the position of said lever through a sufficient travel distance to cause a one musical note level change in the string secured to the circular string tightner in turn pivotally secured to said lever, and a second puller independently movable of the other pullers of said set to change the position of the same lever through a sufficient travel distance to cause a two musical note level change in the same string, multiple stops ultimately secured to the sounding board structure and adjustable to limit the overall travel of the respective pullers used for obtaining the one and two musical note level changes, and multiple operable means to independently move the members of said set of pullers to selectively change the musical note level up and down through one note and two note musical sound changes.
 2. A musical multiple string instrument, as claimed in claim 1, wherein the sets of pullers of the string tuning mechanisms are pivotally mounted within the sounding board structure.
 2. a shaft mounted to the sounding board structure rotatably supporting said circular string tightener;
 3. a lever movably positioned within the sounding board structure and pivotally secured to the circumference of said circular string tightener;
 3. A musical multiple string instrument, as claimed in claim 1, wherein the sets of pullers of the string tuning mechanisms are mounted for translating within the sounding board structure.
 4. a plurality of adjustable stops secured within the sounding board structure for limiting the up and down pivotal travel of said lever;
 5. an adjustable return spring secured within the sounding board structure and being adjusted to return said lever to its midway travel position, and;
 6. a set of pullers secured within the sounding board structure, said set having a first puller independently movable of the other pullers of said set to change the position of said lever through a sufficient travel distance to cause a one musical note level change in the string secured to the circular string tightner in turn pivotally secured to said lever, and a second puller independently movable of the other pullers of said set to change the position of the same lever through a sufficient travel distance to cause a two musical note level change in the same string, multiple stops ultimately secured to the sounding board structure and adjustable to limit the overall travel of the respective pullers used for obtaining the one and two musical note level changes, and multiple operable means to independently move the members of said set of pullers to selectively change the musical note level up and down through one note and two note musical sound changes. 